Classify different types of vacations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Classify different types of vacations - Essay Example Different vacation areas have various categories of bookings depending on prices. They base their categorization on the services offered in each category. As a result, a client who wants to visit their premises must select the category that best suits his/her financial category. The reason behind this categorization is to ensure that all interested parties in taking vacation are catered for despite their financial status. Some of the categorization based on price includes fist class, second class and economy category (Scarry Sandra & Scarry John 2010). People have different interests when selecting their vacation. Some of these have their interest in mountain climbing, others in beaches; desert etc. categorization under special attraction ensures that clients select the appropriate vacation section that will earn him/her maximum satisfaction (Scarry Sandra & Scarry John 2010). Many vacation takes several days. As a result, it is important to decide the type of accommodation that one wants to undertake based on the interests and financial status. Some of the available accommodation categories include motels, cabin, trailer; tents etc. proper selection helps the individual attain satisfaction from the vacation (Scarry Sandra & Scarry John 2010). Classification of the vacations based on the above basis gives the client an ability to restructure the plans and incorporate all activities that one wants to undertake in order to attain maximum satisfaction. It also enables one not to be extravagant as one stick to the outline plan despite getting other enticing activities during

Meaning of life - Question Essay Example for Free

Meaning of life Question Essay Freud, like Newton and Darwin, did not consider himself to be a philosopher but had an enormous influence over philosophy, he believed that to consider the question: â€Å"what is the meaning of life? † is a waste of time. The question, he thought, is rather meaningless and has no ultimate answer, asking it is being somewhat like asking what the color of time is (Mason). There are serious arguments that can be advanced in support of this point of view, especially if we agree that meaning is not something inherent to events, things, and other processes and so on, but something we ascribe to them (Mason). To think otherwise would involve ascribing them something that is a product of our intellect and consciousness. The meaning of X, whether X is an event, a thing, or a process, is actually the connection or a set of those connections X has with other events, things, and processes and so on, which we choose to consider to be of particularly importance to us (Mason). This is why the same events have different meaning for different people. For a Chinese, be he a Communist or an anti-Communist, the meaning of the war in Korea is that it marks the end of a century of national humiliation and a permanent threat of devastation through a long series of military defeats by foreign powers; for an American, the meaning of that very same war is that it put an end to the attempts to expand by direct military invasion the influence of Chinese Communism (Adams). There are undoubtedly countless amounts of explanations to this riddle, and there are many circumstances that can change one’s perspective towards this problem, but ultimately, there is no right or wrong answer. Paragraph 2: Everything changes radically, of course, if we belong to a Church. Everything is noted under God’s eye For believers, their life long goal is to sustain God’s knowledge and go his way. Go to the right passage and obey his â€Å"laws† Their passage of life consists of saving one’s immortal soul. Duty of life makes up the meaning of life. Paragraph 3: The practical Romans grasped something that over the head of two millennia of Christianity resonates with contemporary pragmatism, and with the life philosophy resumed in the dictum â€Å"the meaning of life is life itself† Meaning of life is life itself Living the life in happiness is the meaning of life. Anything that fits you the best will become your meaning of life. Find out your goals, what you want to achieve life, and that will become your meaning of life ultimately. Limitations will apply. Paragraph 4: Living your life according to this life philosophy, which is the most commonly chosen among the life philosophies derived from the answer â€Å"the meaning of life consists in living life†, is usually not too difficult for a â€Å"normal† person living under â€Å"normal† circumstances. Meaning of life depended on the status of the person. Meaning of life is to live a good life. Do not know what exactly is a good life but a good life will be noted. Everyone has different meanings to life. Paragraph 5 (Conclusion): But be it Confucius, Aristotle or even Kant with his theory of being impossible to achieve moral perfection or any other of the great minds each of whom spent years of their lives trying to provide humanity with an answer to the fatal question, essentially, they trying to tell us what to live for and how to live. Namely, almost all the answers they offered have the same basic flaw: when they are workable at all, they work only for very few exceptional individuals and are way beyond the reach for the rest of us (Shields); us, those weak, silly and prone to sin creatures that make up the vast majority of humankind. Luckily, this vast majority do not worry too much about what great minds have in mind, but just live their lives as they best can according to their own, petty, senseless wishes and notions (Metz): work their gardens, even if they never heard of Voltaire, and whether they know that Freud existed or not, do not waste their humble intellectual potential trying to answer a question that has no answer (Metz). The rest is a senseless waste of time, â€Å"Primum vivere, deindre filosofare†, and if you spend too much time and effort philophizing, you will have no time nor energy to live, which involves earning money to pay the bills. As to the great eternal and fundamental questions, let’s leave them to professional philosophers whom society pays to do this specific job, as it pays plumbers to do the plumbing, scientists to explore nature, nurses to help the sick, the clowns to entertain us.

Gender Roles and Kids Toys Essay -- Exploratory Research

Gender Roles and Kids Toys In David Barry's article, Guys vs. Men, he discussed the differences between "guys" and "men". This article made several valid points, including that guys will try and out perform each other where sports are concerned and that the space shuttle is the ultimate guy toy. My question is why do only guys play with all the neat toys? Part of the answer to this question might be that men are encouraged to play with hi-tech toys while girls are given a Barbi doll or a toy oven. The best time to see how these differences are encouraged by our society is during the Holiday season. The toys I have seen for boys are mainly Star Wars action figures or Nintendo 64 games. The toys advertised for girls were mostly easy bake ovens (that now makes M&M cakes) or Barbi dolls with various accessories. I am not saying that a Barbi doll is necessarily a bad thing, besides the fact that some of her outfits are frightening, but I would rather have the life like rocket that can fly a 100 feet up before it returns to the ground. This discussion might appear superficial at first, but there is an underlying problem to why a parent might want to encourage their young daughters to play with a science kit instead of deciding what evening gown Barbi looks best in. A lot of the toys designed for boys might also be used as a learning tool. When a boy plays with legos and starts to create buildings he is developing his creativity. This act could lead him into a career as an architect or engineer. When he is encouraged to play with rockets or a microscope he has the potential of developing an interest in science that could lead him into a career working on satellites. The kinds of toys that young girls are encouraged to pl... ...der Wars. The object of this game is to select what gender the player wants to be. Once the gender is selected the player tries to destroy the opposite gender. This games appears interesting, but it has the potential to create more conflict between men and women. Encouraging girls to play with different kinds of toys might also help the girls to understand men a little better when the girls grow up. If they share a common interest then it is possible that they will reach an understanding of what can be expected from the opposite gender. Works Cited Lunsford, Andrea A. and Ruszkiewicz, John J. The Presence of Others 2nd ed. St. Martin's Press, 1997 excerpt Barry, Dave Guys vs. Men1995 Bureau of Labor Statistics Data 12/3/97 http://stats.bls.gov/cpsatab1.htm SCi (Sales Curve Interactive) Ltd. Software (C) 1996 http://www.gtgames.com/games/genderwars/

The Soldier by Rupert Brooke

â€Å"The Soldier† A Detailed Look at a Criticized Poem Grief, death, devastation: with the strong exception of Rupert Brooke, these were the themes reflected in most war poetry during WWI. Brooke laced his poetry with sentimentality and nationalism, which was very different from the themes of other works during the time. Many people love and admire his poems, but despite his poetry being criticized by the public, Rupert Brooke was a talented young poet throughout World War I. This poem was first published in Brooke’s book of sonnets, 1914 rightly named for the year they were authored. WWI was an influential time for poetry and a catalyst for an important movement in poetry; war poetry. The poetry of this time reflected the feelings of the general public at the commencement of WWI. Brooke’s â€Å"The Soldier,† though seen as a hymn to the great nation of England during WWI, is today seen as overly sentimental and as romanticizing the horrors of the war through strong figurative language and symbols (â€Å"The Soldier†). The theme reflected most prominently in â€Å"The Soldier,† patriotism, is seen again in many of Brooke’s war sonnets, but not commonly in the poetry of emerging poets during the war. Brooke is notorious for his use of sentimentality and nationalism in his war poetry. The voice in â€Å"The Soldier† talks about his untimely death in a fiercely patriotic manner, undaunted by his likely demise. When referring to the foreign field in which he will be buried, he describes it with â€Å"†¦there’s some corner of a foreign field that is forever England. There shall be in that rich earth a richer dust concealed† (Brooke). In these lines Brooke is saying that the dust, the earth, in which he is buried in will be richer because an English soldier lies in it; because a piece of England lies beneath the earth. Through this statement, Brooke is associating the soldier in the poem with England, making him not just English, but England. Patriotism shines through again in the next lines, â€Å"A dust whom England bore, shaped, made aware,/ Gave, once, her flowers to love, her ways to roam,/ A body of England’s, breathing English air†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Brooke). â€Å"A body of England’s† supports Brooke’s embodiment of soldiers as not only English, but England. It is these examples of Brooke’s strong patriotism reflected in his poetry that created the riticism for its maudlin nature (â€Å"The Soldier†). In continuation, the second most prominent theme employed by Brooke is the notion of transformation, which is distinguished clearly throughout â€Å"The Soldier. † The second stanza was a prime example of the conversion displayed in the poem. The line in the second stanza, â€Å"And think, this heart, all evil shed away† (Brooke) implies a tr ansformation from a soldier, ordinary and human, to a cleansed soul who will live forever through England. The second stanza is saying that with death for your country comes great honor and transformation into a pure soul, forever remembered for fighting to the end for their country. By making yourself a martyr, you have â€Å"cleansed your soul† and this is a great transformation. This idea is what inspired soldiers to be willing to die for their country, and to want to fight for England. Brooke is saying that there is a larger purpose that can be achieved through death, which is another example of Brooke romanticizing the war and death. To soldiers, the thought of being transformed into a great soul, forever linked to your nation because of your connection with England, is consistent throughout, which is why transformation is a prominent theme of the poem (â€Å"The Soldier†). The figurative language in â€Å"The Soldier† defines the poem and displays the message, but also supports the fact that Brooke’s poem approaches the horrors of war in an indirect and romantic manner. When Brooke refers to â€Å"some corner of a foreign field† he is using the field as a symbol for the simple graveyards soldiers were buried in. Here, Brooke is addressing the war in a lighter tone, which critic Chris Semansky criticized Brooke for. The line in â€Å"The Soldier† addressing how the earth in which an English soldier is richer again uses a light symbol for a serious subject of war. Brooke refers to dust as a body in the line, â€Å"In that rich earth a richer dust concealed;† (Brooke). Dust is used again in the next line, â€Å"A dust whom England bore, shaped, made aware†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Brooke). In both lines â€Å"dust† is a symbol for a dead soldier. Another example of Brooke’s figurative language is his repetition of England in his poem. This is another prime example of the theme of patriotism that is presented throughout in â€Å"The Soldier. † Critic Bruce Meyer calls attention to more use of symbols in the poem, including the line, â€Å"And think, this heart, all evil shed away† (Brooke) which is symbolizing a man being purified before offering himself as a lamb to the slaughter (Meyer). The poem also uses an Petrarchan and Shakespearean rhyme scheme, using an alternating rhyme scheme of ABABCDCD rhyme scheme in the first stanza, which is Shakespearean, and then in the second stanza, a EFGEFG rhyme scheme, which is Petrarchan. Many of Brooke’s poems use a Shakespearean alternation rhyme scheme consistently. The entire style of the poem remains â€Å"English,† polite and â€Å"gentlemanly,† and the style matches the figurative language and poetry techniques used: symbols to lighten the poetry’s subject and a Shakespearean rhyme scheme (â€Å"The Soldier†). Furthermore, the time in which Brooke’s â€Å"The Soldier† was written is crucial to understanding not only the poem, but why â€Å"The Soldier† has slipped from a famous to infamous piece of literature. The poem was written in 1914, at the beginning of WWI, during which Brooke had enlisted in the Royal Naval Division. Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Sarajevo, his wife, were murdered by Serbian nationalists, which had catapulted England into WWI (â€Å"The Soldier†). This was a time when England was sending their young men off to fight, without the assurance that they would return home. The public was coping with the deaths of their sons and husbands, and Brooke’s poem was playing to the times. It was a reassurance to the general public about the war and the death occurring, and its strong level of patriotism was met with the public’s own patriotism, as critic Semansky reiterates (â€Å"Semansky†). Brooke had war experience himself, through the Royal Naval Division, but was not fighting on the front lines or having any major experiences in war. He spent his first assignment assisting civilians in the evacuation of Antwerp, though he was originally assigned to help hold down the Channel ports with the navy. He did not complete his next assignment, to take back Constantinople from the Turks, because of his death, of fever, on the way to Gallipoli. Brooke did not have the immense war experience many other poets of the war had, and it influenced the demeanor of his poetry. Other war poets, Sassoon, Owens and Rosenburg did not adopt Brooke’s heavily patriotic views, but rather questioned his attitude towards the war. By the public, â€Å"The Soldier† was revered, but as the war continued, and eventually ended and the horrors of the war made themselves more evident, â€Å"The Soldier† was thought of as sentimental literature, and not as a personification of the war (â€Å"The Soldier†). In conclusion, Rupert Brooke’s â€Å"The Soldier† reflected the attitude of England during the start of WWI, a comparison which has made it both famous and infamous. The historical context of the poem, the background being WWI, is a key to complete understanding the poem and the reason for its notoriousness. â€Å"The Soldier† gives you a small insight into the ideology of soldiers and the public, who were looking for a deeper meaning for the death and destruction occurring. Through this, the poem informs your understanding of Rupert Brooke’s reactions to England, the war, and the mayhem of the beginning of the war. His general attitude towards the war was strongly patriotic, and criticized for being as sentimental as it was. Brooke, as you can determine through the poem, felt that death during the war was a sacrifice for England that would ultimately be rewarded in the afterlife, and that it was the greatest show of devotion that one could show for their country. He felt strongly for England, and appealed to the people, but his poetry lost its appeal as the war progressed and the lightness in which Brooke regarded the war was recognized (Semansky). Through the fact that â€Å"The Soldier† was accepted during 1914, you can make the connection that the public shared Brooke’s view of hope for a deeper meaning to the war and death. â€Å"The Soldier† meshes with Rupert Brooke’s ideology, experiences and style, as well as with the time period. Though Brooke’s fiercely patriotic and light take on WWI in â€Å"The Soldier† strongly appealed to the public as they coped with loss during the commencement of WWI, its sentimentality has been criticized for romanticizing the war and masking the true horrors England was experiencing. If I should die, think only this of me: That there's some corner of a foreign field That is for ever England. There shall be In that rich earth a richer dust concealed; A dust whom England bore, shaped, made aware, Gave, once, her flowers to love, her ways to roam, A body of England's, breathing English air, Washed by the rivers, blest by suns of home. And think, this heart, all evil shed away, A pulse in the eternal mind, no less Gives somewhere back the thoughts by England given; Her sights and sounds; dreams happy as her day; And laughter, learnt of friends; and gentleness, In hearts at peace, under an English heaven. WORKS CITED: Brooke, Rupert. â€Å"The Soldier. † Poet’s Corner. 1914. http://www. theotherpages. org/poems/brooke01. html. Meyer, Bruce. â€Å"The Soldier. † Poetry for Students. Ed. Mary Ruby and Ira Milne. Vol. 7. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2000. 217-227. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. Springfield Township High School. 9 Nov. 2008 . Semansky, Chris. The Soldier. † Poetry for Students. Ed. Mary Ruby and Ira Milne. Vol. 7. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2000. 217-227. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. Springfield Township High School. 9 Nov. 2008 . â€Å"The Soldier. † Poetry for Students. Ed. Mary Ruby and Ira Milne. Vol. 7. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2000. 217-227. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. Springfield Township High School. 9 Nov. 2008 .

Aphasiology: Disorders and clinical practice Essay

Acquired Aphasia Introduction Abstract   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The paper describes aphasia in details and also the challenges that are faced by the individuals who suffer from aphasia. The paper also describes about the executive functioning and what it entail including the relationship between productivity outcomes and executive functions. The paper also highlights the challenges that aphasia patients face in their day to day lives. For instance, how these individuals handle their daily tasks. The paper shows that these patients face a lot of challenges including discrimination since they are misunderstood by many people. Also this paper shows how these patients can undergo therapy treatment as a way of improving their language and also to be educated on how to cope and interact with other people who do not have aphasia. Finally the paper describes the implications of this therapy treatment on aphasia patients.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Aphasia refers to comprehension impairment and language production which is usually led by damage in language constituent brain hemisphere. Aphasia is a family of disorders involving varying impairment degrees in four fundamental areas: Spoken language comprehension Spoken language expression Reading comprehension, and Written expression   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An individual who have aphasia usually have comparatively nonlinguistic cognitive skills which is intact like executive and memory function skills even though these and other cognitive discrepancies may co-occur together with aphasia. Sensory deficits like visual and auditory agnosia and visual field deficits may also be present (Bhagal et al, 2003).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The result of aphasia is challenging to predict due to the wide symptoms variability. Aphasia result varies extensively from individual to individual depending on the brain insult severity and the lesion location. The indicator of the long- term recovery which is easily predictable is initial aphasia severity together with lesion size and site. Other factors which are usually considered concerning prognosis consist of the individual’s education level, gender, age among other comorbidities (Retrieved from http://www.aphasia.com/about-aphasia/who-gets-aphasia). When scrutinized properly, however, these factors appear to be weak predictors of the degree of recovery. Assessment of aphasia is goal-oriented, organized appraisal of the variety of pragmatic, linguistic and cognitive components of language. Executive function refers to the abilities and skills which enables individuals to achieve activities which are goal-directed. Prior to a head injury or traumatic brain, these abilities can be adversely affected (Simmons et al, 2010). Executive Functioning and completing a task Completing a task involves some steps as follows: Planning: planning and/ or knowing the steps for a specific activity Initiation: initiating an activity Doing the task: Executing the plans and at the same time self regulating and self monitoring. Evaluating- checking the outcomes of your work. Changing and improving- checking ways of simplifying the task next time and keeping away from any errors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The above executive functions are used for all types of everyday tasks like shopping, laundry and cooking. In order to complete a task an individual must initiate each step, put in order, follow through and as this continues adjusting and monitoring of actions should be done. Most individuals do these activities without planning or any thought. However, for a person who is suffering from a brain injury he or she may face a challenge while initiating the task in the initial place. Such individuals may not have a thought of going food shopping and doing the washing even if their fridge is empty or there is a pile of laundry which is dirty, these clear cues may not initiate the thought process which makes them start a plan of action (Dickey et al, 2010).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   People with acquired aphasia may start an activity however not have thought it through therefore they make errors. A simple illustration would be going for shopping however forgets carrying a shopping list or wallet. Although this can also happen to any individual however it occurs more frequently if an individual have a brain injury. Individuals with acquired aphasia may not learn from past errors and they end up repeating similar mistakes over and over again while they try accomplishing a task (Mesulam, 2001).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An individual with aphasia usually lack insight into their own capabilities to execute tasks, even in a case where individuals make suggestions which are positive. Treatment and rehabilitation usually involves executing systems and strategies to assist individuals with executive functioning difficulties: Daily organizers and planners Home information centre which includes calendars, notice boards etc. Reserve time each day purposed for planning Use a Dictaphone and timers for reminders Using step by step checklists Executive functions and regulating thinking and behavior   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another purpose of executive functions is that they assist individuals to control their behavior to respond and act properly. Problems with self regulation can result to verbalizations and impulsive behavior and may happen in numerous ways: Uttering inappropriate statements or remarks Dominating the conversation Being rude Being unable to stay on topic Continuously talking about a particular subject   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With an aid of a duly qualified language and speech therapist some people with aphasia can be trained on picking up on a listener’s facial expressions or reactions thus realizing when they are making error in their communication. Recovery from aphasia may imply re-learning what facial expressions and social conventions signify, however it may imply just re-learning how to react appropriately to particular facial expression for instance, if a certain person say something and his or her communication partner seems to be shocked this may imply that the person have spoken a wrong thing (Hurkmans et al, 2012). Functional communication and executive function in aphasia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Functional communication refers to the capability of receiving and conveying a message, in spite of the mode, to converse successfully and independently in a particular environment. Broca and wernicke perceived language to be different from cognition where they argued that patients who have aphasia are cognitively integral however they deficits in their language. On the other hand, recent studies shows that cognitive impairments like attention, working memory and sequencing are possessed by individuals who have aphasia. Outcomes illustrates that diminished executive function capability may be linked to declined functional communication capability in individuals with aphasia. The executive function usually depends in communication success (Cherney et al, 2011).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Davis et al (2004) functional communication and executive function ability are associated closely in individuals with aphasia. Language impairment may not correlate always with real like communication capability. Thus, executive function may be an ideal functional communication ability indicator (Davis, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In a case where there is impairment of Executive function in aphasia patients, this may be due to the fact that functional communication capability is more impaired than what is indicated by severity of language impairments.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Relationship between executive functions and productivity outcomes following stroke, disability and rehabilitation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This study shows the need of assessing executive functions thoroughly in order to direct cognitive rehabilitation interventions as a result of a stroke. This is different from carrying out a cognitive screening incorporating merely one or two elements of executive functions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Additionally, the findings show that more comprehensive evaluation of executive functions may be acceptable for younger people that have suffered from stroke. The evaluation will establish their ability to return to productive tasks which include tailor rehabilitation and employment to provide aid to needs consequently.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Future research is suggested in order to study efficacy of approaches which evaluate the interactive and separate influence of fundamental executive functions and cognitive processes. In addition, methodical assessment of rehabilitation practices to help management of individuals of executive dysfunction in everyday’s life is recommended.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Relations between semantic processing, short-term memory deficits and executive function   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Allen et al (2012) shows that semantic processing capabilities, semantic short-term memory deficits are highly related to general or specific executive function deficits. A research was conducted involving a total of 20 patients with STM deficits and aphasia were evaluated on basis of semantic processing, short -term retention and both simple and rigid executive function activities. The study found no evidence that semantic STM deficits result due to deficits in executive function (Brady et al, 2012).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Executive function tasks performance was found to relate with some semantic processing tasks performance proposed that a relational combination function may bring about performance on both sorts of tasks. Correlation between some executive function activities and phonological STM was realized where phonological rehearsal and storage play great role in executive function activities with verbal element (Engelter et al, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Clinical repercussions for the elucidation of the executive function role in language-processing activities and the achievable contributions of executive function deficits and STM in treatment regimes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Executive function capabilities depend on fundamental cognitive resources. Relational integration- role in discourse   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   EF role in treatment of language deficits depends on aspect of language which is being treated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Found no relation between performance and semantic STM on complex and simple executive function activities (Pedersenet al, 1995). Instead they realized that executive function tasks and phonological STM were related in activities that had a verbal element recommends that performance in several executive function activities depends on rehearsing or maintaining phonological codes. Although semantic STM was unrelated to executive function capability, semantic processing tasks performance was connected to the executive function (Moxley, 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After the completion assessment stage, a plan for treatment is obtained from the outcomes of the assessments. Clinician must assess the form of treatment approach they will utilize. It has been investigated that early intervention is more ideal compared to late intervention. The basic goal in aphasia treatment is to improve functional communication so as to participate in tasks of daily living. The main goal of the patient is to recuperate enough language to carry on with their life normally as possible (Faroqui-Shah et al, 2010). Treatment of executive function and language   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Impairment based Approach:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This approach uses cognitive processing to find out the processes and components which have been fractioned as a result of brain damage. The approach also uses normal cognitive processing models to come up with the processes and components, which are damaged. Treatment is determined on basis of these outcomes. The approach argues that brain has ability of reorganizing and that reorganization is shaped directly by the environment. There is a perception that language and executive function will return as a successful treatment product (Teasell et al, 2011). Consequence Approach   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is also known as social, functional, psychological, life participation approach. This approach targets the outcomes of life participation impairment and creates treatment goals on basis of these impairments. A therapist who uses consequence approach should comprehend fully the limitations aphasia has on the life of an individual. The consequences approach influences values and principles which are separate it from impairment based approach (Hier et al, 1994).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is growing support for the notion that executive/attention function skills in people with aphasia are remediable. Moreover, there is a significant relationship between functional communication and executive/attention function in individuals with aphasia. The outcomes recommend that treatment of executive/attention function in aphasia may lead to measurable variations in these skills and in the conversation communication success. References Bhogal, S. K., Teasell, R., & Speechley, M. (2003). Intensity of aphasia therapy, impact on recovery. Stroke, 34, 987-993. Brady, M. C., Kelly, H., Godwin, J, & Enderby, P. (2012). Speech and language therapy for aphasia following stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5, CD000425. Cherney, L., Patterson, J., & Raymer, A. (2011). Intensity of aphasia therapy: Evidence and efficacy. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 11, 560-569. Cherney, L., Patterson, J., Raymer, A., Frymark, T., & Schooling, T. (2010). Updated evidence-based systematic review: Effects of intensity of treatment and constraint-induced language therapy for individuals with stroke-induced aphasia. ASHA’s National Center for Evidence-Based Practice in Communication Disorders. Rockville, MD: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Civil Rights Act of 1964  § 7, 42 U.S.C.  § 2000e et seq (1964). Davis, G. A. (2007). Aphasiology: Disorders and clinical practice (2nd ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Dickey, L., Kagan, A., Lindsay, M. P., Fang, J., Rowland, A., & Black, S. (2010). Incidence and profile of inpatient stroke-induced aphasia in Ontario, Canada. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 91, 196-202. Engelter, S. T., Gostynski, M., Papa, S., Maya, F., Claudia, B., Vladeta, A.G., †¦ Phillipe, A. L. (2006). Epidemiology of aphasia attributable to first ischemic stroke: Incidence, severity, fluency, etiology, and thrombolysis. Stroke, 37, 1379-1384 Faroqui-Shah, Y., Frymark, T., Mullen, R., & Wang, B. (2010). Effect of treatment for bilingual individuals with aphasia: A systematic review of the evidence. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 23(4), 319-341. Framework for Outcome Measurement (FROM). Aphasia Institute. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. OR Kagan, A., Simmons-Mackie, N., Rowland, A., Huijbregts, M., Shumway, E., McEwen, S., †¦ & Sharp, S. (2008). Counting what counts: A framework for capturing real-life outcomes of aphasia intervention. Aphasiaology, 22(3), 259-280. Hier, D. B., Yoon, W. B., Mohr, J. P. & Price, T. R. (1994). Gender and aphasia in the stroke bank. Brain and Language, 47 , 155-167. Hurkmans, J., de Bruijn, M., Boonstra, A., Jonkers, R., Bastiaanse, R., Arendzen, H., & Reinders-Messelink, H. (2012). Music in the treatment of neurological language and speech disorders: A systematic review. Aphasiology, 26, 1-19. Intercollegiate Stroke Working Party. (2008). National clinical guidelines for stroke (3rd ed.). London, United Kingdom: Royal College of Physicians. Limited English Proficiency – A Federal Interagency Website (2013). Available from www.lep.govLingraphica (n.d.). Who gets aphasia? Retrieved from http://www.aphasia.com/about-aphasia/who-gets-aphasiaMoxley, A. (2002, November 05). Make your grant count: Igniting change through research. The ASHA Leader. Murray, L. L., & Chapey, R. (2001). Assessment of language disorders in adults. In R. Chapey (Ed.), Language intervention strategies in aphasia and related neurogenic communication disorders (pp. 55-126). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. Mesulam, M. (2001). Primary progressive aphasia. Annals of Neurology, 49, 425-432. National Aphasia Association (2011). www.aphasia.orgNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. (n.d.). NINDS aphasia information page. Retrieved from http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/aphasia/aphasia.htmNational Stroke Association. (2008). http://www.stroke.orgNational Stroke Foundation (2010). Clinical guidelines for acute stroke management 2010. Melbourne, Australia: Author. Stroke Foundation of New Zealand and New Zealand Guidelines Group (2010). New Zealand Clinical Guidelines for Stroke Management 2010.Wellington, New Zealand: Stroke Foundation of New Zealand. Pedersen, P. M., Jorgensen, H. S., Raaschou, H. O., & Olsen, T. S. (1995). Aphasia in acute stroke: Incidence, determinants, and recovery. Annals of Neurology, 38, 659-666. Plowman, E., Hentz, B., & Ellis, C. (2012). Post-stroke aphasia prognosis: A review of patient-related and stroke-related factors. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 18, 689-694. Rogers, M. (2004). Aphasia, primary progressive. In R. D. Kent (Ed.), The MIT encyclopedia of communication disorders (pp. 245-249). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Taylor-Goh, S. (Ed.) (2005). Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists Clinical Guidelines: 5.12 Aphasia. Bicester, United Kingdom: Speechmark. Simmons-Mackie, N., & Kagan, A. (2007). Application of the ICF in aphasia. Seminars in Speech and Language, 28, 244-253. Simmons-Mackie, N., Raymer, A., Armstrong, E., Holland, A., & Cherney, L. R. (2010). Communication partner training in aphasia: A systematic review. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 91, 1814-1837. Catalan Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Research (2007). Stroke: Clinical practice guideline (2nd ed.). Barcelona, Spain: Author. Teasell, R. W., Foley, N. C., & Salter, K. (2011). Evidence-based review of stroke rehabilitation (14th ed.). Retrieved from www.ebrsr.comManagement of Stroke Rehabilitation Working Group (2010). VA/DOD clinical practice guideline for the management of stroke rehabilitation. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development, 47(9), 1-43. World Health Organization. (2001). International classification of functioning, disability and health. Geneva, Switzerland: Author. Bhogal, S. K., Teasell, R., & Speechley, M. (2003). Intensity of aphasia therapy, impact on recovery. Stroke, 34, 987-993. The book reveals the significance of therapy. Intense therapy over a short time frame can improve outcomes of language and speech therapy for stroke patients suffering with aphasia. Brady, M. C., Kelly, H., Godwin, J, & Enderby, P. (2012). Speech and language therapy for aphasia following stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5, CD000425. The book shows the evidence of appropriateness of SLT speech and language therapy to patients suffering from aphasia due to stroke in regard to improvement functional communication, expressive and receptive language. Cherney, L., Patterson, J., & Raymer, A. (2011). Intensity of aphasia therapy: Evidence and efficacy. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 11, 560-569. The book emphasizes the need of determining the intensity of treatment for any treatment program for aphasia. The intensity may vary depending on the specific stimuli, type of intervention and response needed by the patient. Cherney, L., Patterson, J., Raymer, A., Frymark, T., & Schooling, T. (2010). Updated evidence-based systematic review: Effects of intensity of treatment and constraint-induced language therapy for individuals with stroke-induced aphasia. ASHA’s National Center for Evidence-Based Practice in Communication Disorders. Rockville, MD: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. The book explains the impact of intensity and constraint-induced language treatment to patients with aphasia induced by stroke. Civil Rights Act of 1964  § 7, 42 U.S.C.  § 2000e et seq (1964). The act outlines how people with disorders should not be discriminated against. The law prevents applicants and employees from discrimination in all terms, privileges and conditions of employment. Davis, G. A. (2007). Aphasiology: Disorders and clinical practice (2nd ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon. The book outlines the fundamental principles and approaches for assessment of six neurologically based disorders. Every disorder reveals different order of revealing signs of communicative behaviors. The book emphasizes the need of placing the needs according to hierarchy in order to prescribe the appropriate treatment. Dickey, L., Kagan, A., Lindsay, M. P., Fang, J., Rowland, A., & Black, S. (2010). Incidence and profile of inpatient stroke-induced aphasia in Ontario, Canada. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 91, 196-202. The book explains the factors that determine the incidents of stroke-induced aphasia. The book also highlights the clinical and demographic features for stroke patients with or without this disorder. Engelter, S. T., Gostynski, M., Papa, S., Maya, F., Claudia, B., Vladeta, A.G., †¦ Phillipe, A. L. (2006). Epidemiology of aphasia attributable to first ischemic stroke: Incidence, severity, fluency, etiology, and thrombolysis. Stroke, 37, 1379-1384 The book explains the relationship between aphasia and first ischemic stroke. Cardioembolism and advanced age showed a positive relationship, where they have a great risk for this condition. Fluency and severity of aphasia were not influenced by demographic variable. Faroqui-Shah, Y., Frymark, T., Mullen, R., & Wang, B. (2010). Effect of treatment for bilingual individuals with aphasia: A systematic review of the evidence. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 23(4), 319-341. The book is about managing of stroke induced aphasia in a cultural diverse world. There is an increased likelihood of bilingual patients due to the cultural diversity. Framework for Outcome Measurement (FROM). Aphasia Institute. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. OR Kagan, A., Simmons-Mackie, N., Rowland, A., Huijbregts, M., Shumway, E., McEwen, S., †¦ & Sharp, S. (2008). Counting what counts: A framework for capturing real-life outcomes of aphasia intervention. Aphasiaology, 22(3), 259-280. The book reveals the incidents of distinguishing of stroke-induced aphasia. The book explains how stroke patients are more susceptible to this disorder. Hier, D. B., Yoon, W. B., Mohr, J. P. & Price, T. R. (1994). Gender and aphasia in the stroke bank. The book is about the relationship between gender and stroke-induced aphasia. Aphasia incidence is high in females than in males especially to women with infarcts. Brain and Language, 47 , 155-167. The book explains the coordination between brain and language. The book reveals how organization of brain is vital for language. Hurkmans, J., de Bruijn, M., Boonstra, A., Jonkers, R., Bastiaanse, R., Arendzen, H., & Reinders-Messelink, H. (2012). Music in the treatment of neurological language and speech disorders: A systematic review. Aphasiology, 26, 1-19. The book explains the significance of music therapy in rehabilitation of speech disorders. Music is a common treatment of apraxia and aphasia of speech. Music usually stimulate brain functions associated to speech. Intercollegiate Stroke Working Party. (2008). National clinical guidelines for stroke (3rd ed.). London, United Kingdom: Royal College of Physicians. The book highlights the guidelines which clearly provide the necessary management skills for stroke patients. The guide contains the recommendations for language and speech therapy. Limited English Proficiency – A Federal Interagency Website (2013). Available from www.lep.govLEP. gov encourages a cooperative and positive understanding of the significance of language access to federally assisted and federal conducted programs. Lingraphica (n.d.). Who gets aphasia? Retrieved from http://www.aphasia.com/about-aphasia/who-gets-aphasiaThis site explains the factors that make people more prevalent to aphasia. The most common cause is stroke while other symptoms include some neurological conditions, brain tumors, and head injuries. However, the disorder can occur to people of all age brackets, nationalities, races and genders. Moxley, A. (2002, November 05). Make your grant count: Igniting change through research. The ASHA Leader. The article is about the report from an examination carried out between Spanish Latinos and English speakers. The English examination was administered to test their fluency. Murray, L. L., & Chapey, R. (2001). Assessment of language disorders in adults. In R. Chapey (Ed.), Language intervention strategies in aphasia and related neurogenic communication disorders (pp. 55-126). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. The book reveals that there is a relationship between stroke-induced aphasia and ageing. Old people suffering from stroke are more susceptible to the condition. Mesulam, M. (2001). Primary progressive aphasia. Annals of Neurology, 49, 425-432. The book define primary progressive as a focal disorder characterized by gradual and isolated disbanding of language function. The condition starts with anomia, proceeds to impair of grammatical structure finally difficulty in semantics. National Aphasia Association (2011). www.aphasia.orgIts is a non-profit organization that praises research, public education, support and rehabilitation services to aphasia patient and their families. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. (n.d.). NINDS aphasia information page. Retrieved from http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/aphasia/aphasia.htmClearly explains the causal effects of this disorder, the symptoms as well as the relationship between stroke and aphasia. National Stroke Association. (2008). http://www.stroke.orgIt is a non-profit organization that helps with research, education and services to the aphasia patients as well as their families. National Stroke Foundation (2010). Clinical guidelines for acute stroke management 2010. Melbourne, Australia: Author. These guidelines explain the appropriate therapy for language and speech. They are guidelines to the clinicians for easy identification of the aphasia stage in order to prescribe appropriate treatment. Stroke Foundation of New Zealand and New Zealand Guidelines Group (2010). New Zealand Clinical Guidelines for Stroke Management 2010.Wellington, New Zealand: Stroke Foundation of New Zealand. The network aims at enhancing the implementation of appropriate treatment in stoke care all over New Zealand by improving the expertise of stroke physicians as well as maximizing their effectiveness. Pedersen, P. M., Jorgensen, H. S., Raaschou, H. O., & Olsen, T. S. (1995). Aphasia in acute stroke: Incidence, determinants, and recovery. Annals of Neurology, 38, 659-666. The book explains the causes, determining factors and recovery methods of aphasia. Stroke is the major contributing factor. Plowman, E., Hentz, B., & Ellis, C. (2012). Post-stroke aphasia prognosis: A review of patient-related and stroke-related factors. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 18, 689-694. The book recommends the recovery procedure for people suffering from post-stroke aphasia. Predictive factors are challenging due to their constant variability making prognosis of aphasia recuperation troublesome. Rogers, M. (2004). Aphasia, primary progressive. In R. D. Kent (Ed.), The MIT encyclopedia of communication disorders (pp. 245-249). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. The book highlights the progressive stages starting with initial to the aphasia stage. It clearly explains aphasia as a communication disorder. Taylor-Goh, S. (Ed.) (2005). Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists Clinical Guidelines: 5.12 Aphasia. Bicester, United Kingdom: Speechmark. These guidelines provide the recommendation for the appropriate care attention to the aphasia patients. The guide explains suitable therapy for speech and language. Simmons-Mackie, N., & Kagan, A. (2007). Application of the ICF in aphasia. Seminars in Speech and Language, 28, 244-253. This approach is used as a rehabilitation method to the people suffering from aphasia. It explains its effectiveness and how to understand the patient response after application of this method. Simmons-Mackie, N., Raymer, A., Armstrong, E., Holland, A., & Cherney, L. R. (2010). Communication partner training in aphasia: A systematic review. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 91, 1814-1837. The book clearly outline different approaches towards aphasia recovery and treatment. The clinicians should be well endowed with expertise to treat this disorder. Catalan Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Research (2007). Stroke: Clinical practice guideline (2nd ed.). Barcelona, Spain: Author. These guidelines provide the recommendation for appropriate treatment for aphasia. The guide also provide the necessary therapy for speech and language. Teasell, R. W., Foley, N. C., & Salter, K. (2011). Evidence-based review of stroke rehabilitation (14th ed.). Retrieved from www.ebrsr.comHighlights different methods of dealing with this disorder. It poses difficult to prescribe appropriate treatment due to variability of this condition, thus doctors are required to understand different methods of treatment. Management of Stroke Rehabilitation Working Group (2010). VA/DOD clinical practice guideline for the management of stroke rehabilitation. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development, 47(9), 1-43. There should be good management of people suffering from aphasia. Cultural diversity is one of the challenges. People should not be discriminated against due to condition, race, religion or any other factor. World Health Organization. (2001). International classification of functioning, disability and health. Geneva, Switzerland: Author. This is a non-profit organization that fights for the rights of people with disabilities. It not only provide support in terms of funding, but also in educating and advising affected people. Source document

Constantinople essays

Constantinople essays Constantinople was built in 330 CE, by the first Christian emperor, Constantine. Constantinople ruled much of the deserted Roman Empire many years after Constantines death. Constantinople can be described as a Gateway City by its geographic features, the cultural influences, and the historical influences upon the rest of the world. Constantinople was positioned upon a major seaport called Byzantium. The positioning of Constantinople was at a location between major trading routes to Europe and Asia. Constantinople controlled the Bosporous Strait, which was the junction of many trading routes to Europe. (Doc. A) The trading routes came from as far as Southeast Asia to North Africa. Two centuries after Constantinople was built, emperors in Constantinople still ruled the eastern part of the old Roman Empire. They still ruled this because Constantinople was a major trade route into the eastern part, and the troops in Constantinople could reach the eastern part quickly. The move to Constantinople was very wise and very effective. Constantinople had some advantages as a crossroads, such as trade, political power, defense and for the spread of culture. (Doc. B) Nearly 300,000 people made their permanent homes in Constantinople. (Doc. C) The placement of Constantinople let the people enjoy many cultures of the world. There were only two requirements for citizenship: membership in a Christian Church and the ability to speak Greek. (Doc. C) With Constantine being a Christian, he believed that Christianity was the best religion for his city. Constantine was looking for the best for his city. Many of the structures during Constantines rule are considered architectural wonders of the world. Of those structures, the Hagia Sophia was built. The building itself has been a Christian church, a Muslim mosque, and a museum. (Doc. C) Across the street from the Hagia Sophia was the imper ...

Environment and Human Behavior A Critical Analysis of Psychology in an Age of Ecological Crisis

Environment and Human Behavior A Critical Analysis of Psychology in an Age of Ecological Crisis Today, more than ever before, global situations and activities are reorganizing people’s affiliations with their daily environments in nearly all civilizations across the world. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Environment and Human Behavior: A Critical Analysis of ‘Psychology in an Age of Ecological Crisis’ specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The global conditions have had obvious psychological ramifications on nearly all aspects of human nature, not mentioning the fact these activities have critically influenced individuals’ cognitive, psychosocial, behavioral, spiritual, and emotional capacities (Greenfield, 2004). For example, the rapid rise of the internet and globalization has critically affected how individuals interact with each other, and how they interrelate to the immediate environment. Presently, more people prefer to communicate with their family, friends, and peers usin g wired computers or wireless technology, perilously exposing their psychosocial and emotional growth to unhealthy developmental patterns (Greenfield, 2004). In the article ‘Psychology in an Age of Ecological Crisis,’ Stokols et al (2009) traces the influence of the global and environmental conditions on people’s cognition, behavioral patterns, and well being In summary, this article examines the quick changes occurring in the structure and constitution of â€Å"human environments at both local and global levels and the implications of these changes for personal and public health† (Stokols et al, 2009, p. 181). Specifically, the researchers concentrate their efforts on evaluating the roles and functions that psychological research and practice can play in facilitating people, institutions, and communities to efficiently manage compounded sources of environmental change, including collaborating effectively towards curtailing their negative influences on p opulation health issues and societal cohesion. The researchers are of the opinion that critical analyses of psychological phenomena are indispensable if we have to understand the conduits through which individuals perceive, experience, and react to worldwide threats in the context of their individual behavioral situations and local communities. Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There is a mounting substantiation, for example, that US soldiers coming from battlefronts in Iraq and Afghanistan are psychologically affected by the environmental influences of the war, not to mention the fact that such physical and environmental influences have indelibly taken a toll on the soldiers’ subjective well-being (Bell et al, 2005). The study remains committed to the fact that â€Å"psychological processes such as environmental cognition, information processing , stress, and coping play key roles in determining how global conditions impinge on individuals’ psyche and behavior in the context of their daily lives† (Stokols et al, 2009, p. 181). In equal measure, the sources of problems affecting people at a global level and the generation of strategies to remodel them are all intimately allied to psychological and behavioral processes. For example, climate change and depletion of ozone layer must never be explained in terms of atmospheric chemistry only; rather, they have to be comprehended also as offshoots of individual behavior and motivation that have ultimately led to adverse environmental changes. According to the researchers, the solutions to such global problems absolutely depend on the ways in which people and political leaders identify these threats and commence collective efforts to resolve them. In this regard, the identification and mobilization of psychological and situational conditions that facilitates individu als to move away â€Å"from anxiety and passivity in the face of global threats toward constructive collaborative action† is of paramount importance (Stokols et al, 2009, p. 182). In analysis, it is imperative to note that the technological, political, geo-physical and social forces witnessed in today’s ever changing global environment has had a profound influence on the field of environmental psychology. The world as we know it today can be equated to an era filled with technological hazards, depleted natural resources, and persistent threat of both political and armed conflicts (Stokols et al, 2009). According to Greenfield (2004), everybody, including a school child, is now in the know that scientific and technological progressions have immense potential for both good and evil. A critic would therefore need to understand the role of environmental psychology in facilitating people, institutions, and communities to efficiently manage the multifaceted sources of conf lict brought by such factors in both individual and community contexts.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Environment and Human Behavior: A Critical Analysis of ‘Psychology in an Age of Ecological Crisis’ specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Bell et al (2005), environmental psychology is principally concerned with environments as the context of individual actions and behavior. Our moods, actions, and behavior are significant only if they can be well comprehended in terms of their context, that is, in terms of the environment, which is the key determinant in deciding which human actions are possible and how challenging or successful such actions can be. The article agrees with this line of thinking when it argues that transformative changes in human actions and behavior in the 21st century are largely attributable to particular technological, political, environmental and social forces ( Stokols et al, 2009). For example, the rapid materialization of the internet, wireless gadgets, and digital communications technologies have acted to reinforce the fact that environmental influences on human behavior, actions, attitudes, worldviews, and moods are all-encompassing and important. Environmental psychology also concerns itself with evaluating the ramifications of human actions and behavior on the environment (Bell, 2005). The basic presupposition is that behavior and environment reciprocally influence each other. According to the article, psychological procedures such as emotional stress and environmental cognition plays fundamental functions in determining how typical situations impinge on people’s psyche, actions, and behavior as they negotiate their daily activities (Stokols et all, 2009). For example, the issue of global warming has had a profound effect on behavior and mindsets of individuals and political leaders if the recent Copenhagen meeting on enviro nment is anything to go by. Air pollution and economic recessions are major causes of concern in the world today. Yet, according to the article, because human actions and behavior, either individually or collectively, causes such issues to arise, it is only reasonable that modification of human actions and behavior will present one of the best channels to curtail such adversarial activities. Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Environmental psychology shares the same view as it argues that â€Å"principles of learning, motivation, perception, attitude formation, and social interaction† can be vehemently used to show why individuals engage in counterproductive behavior, especially in relation to the environment. Reference List Bell, P.A., Greene, T., Fisher, J., Baum, A.S. (2005). Environmental Psychology, 5th Ed. New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN: 0805860886 Greenfield, S. (2004). Tomorrow’s people: How 21st century technology is changing the way we think and feel. London: Penguin books Stokols, D., Mizra, S., Rumerstrom, M.G., Hipp, J.A. (2009). Psychology in an age of ecology crisis. American Psychologist, Vol. 64, Issue 3, pp. 181-193. Retrieved from Ebscohost Database

The Invention of Velcro

The Invention of Velcro Its hard to imagine what we would do without Velcro, the versatile hook-and-loop fastener used in so many aspects of modern life- from disposable diapers to the aerospace industry. Yet the ingenious invention came about almost by accident. Velcro was the creation of Swiss engineer Georges de Mestral, who had been inspired by a walk in the woods with his dog in 1941. Upon their return home, de Mestral noticed that burrs (from the burdock plant) had attached themselves to his pants and to his dogs fur. De Mestral, an amateur inventor and a curious man by nature, examined the burrs under a microscope. What he saw intrigued him. De Mestral would spend the next 14 years attempting to duplicate what he saw under that microscope before introducing Velcro to the world in 1955. Examining the Burr Most of us have had the experience of burrs clinging to our clothing (or our pets), and considered it a mere annoyance, never wondering why it actually happens. Mother Nature, however, never does anything without a specific reason. Burrs have long served the purpose of ensuring the survival of various plant species. When a burr (a form of a seed pod) attaches itself to an animals fur, it is carried by the animal to another location where it eventually falls off and grows into a new plant. De Mestral was more concerned with the how than the why. How did so small an object exert such a stronghold? Under the microscope, de Mestral could see that the tips of the burr, which appeared to the naked eye as stiff and straight, actually contained tiny hooks that can attach themselves to fibers in clothing, similar to a hook-and-eye fastener. De Mestral knew that if he could somehow recreate the simple hook system of the burr, he would be able to produce an incredibly strong fastener, one with many practical uses. Finding the Right Stuff De Mestrals first challenge was finding a fabric he could use to create a strong bonding system. Enlisting the help of a weaver in Lyon, France (an important textile center), de Mestral first tried using cotton. The weaver produced a prototype with one cotton strip containing thousands of hooks and the other strip made up of thousands of loops. De Mestral found, however, that the cotton was too soft- it could not stand up to repeated openings and closures. For several years, de Mestral continued his research, looking for the best material for his product, as well as the optimal size of loops and hooks. After repeated testing, de Mestral eventually learned that synthetics worked best, and settled on heat-treated nylon, a strong and durable substance. In order to mass-produce his new product, de Mestral also needed to design a special type of loom that could weave the fibers in just the right size, shape, and density- this took him several more years. By 1955, de Mestral had completed his improved version of the product. Each square inch of material contained 300 hooks, a density that had proven strong enough to stay fastened, yet was easy enough to pull apart when needed. Velcro Gets a Name and a Patent De Mestral christened his new product Velcro, from the French words velours (velvet) and crochet (hook). (The name Velcro refers only to the trademarked brand created by de Mestral). In 1955, de Mestral received a patent for Velcro from the Swiss government. He took out a loan to begin mass-producing Velcro, opening plants in Europe and eventually expanding into Canada and the United States. His Velcro USA plant opened in Manchester, New Hampshire in 1957 and is still there today. Velcro Takes Off De Mestral had originally intended Velcro to be used for clothing as a zipper-less zipper, but that idea was not initially successful. During a 1959 New York City fashion show that highlighted clothing with Velcro, critics deemed it ugly and cheap-looking. Velcro thus became associated more with athletic wear and equipment than with haute couture. In the early 1960s, Velcro received a huge boost in popularity when NASA began using the product to keep objects from floating around under zero-gravity conditions. NASA later added Velcro to astronauts space suits and helmets, finding it more convenient than the snaps and zippers that were previously used. In 1968, Velcro replaced shoelaces for the first time when athletic shoe manufacturer Puma introduced the worlds first sneakers fastened with Velcro. Since then, Velcro fasteners have revolutionized footwear for children. Even the very young are able to independently fasten their own Velcro shoes well before they learn how to tie their laces. How We Use Velcro Today Today, Velcro is in use seemingly everywhere, from the healthcare setting (blood pressure cuffs, orthopedic devices, and surgeons gowns) to clothing and footwear, sporting and camping equipment, toys and recreation, airline seat cushions, and more. Most impressively, Velcro was used in the first human artificial heart transplantation to hold together parts of the device. Velcro is also used by the military but has recently undergone some modifications. Because Velcro can be too noisy in a combat setting, and because it has a tendency to become less effective in dust-prone areas (such as Afghanistan), it has been temporarily removed from military uniforms. In 1984, on his late-night television show, comedian David Letterman, wearing a Velcro suit, had himself catapulted onto a Velcro wall. His successful experiment launched a new trend: Velcro-wall jumping. De Mestrals Legacy Over the years, Velcro has evolved from a novelty item into a near-necessity in the developed world. De Mestral very likely never dreamed of how popular his product would become, nor the countless ways it could be used. The process de Mestral used to develop Velcro- examining an aspect of nature and using its properties for practical applications- has come to be known as biomimicry. Thanks to Velcros phenomenal success, de Mestral became a very wealthy man. After his patent expired in 1978, many other companies began producing hook-and-loop fasteners, but none are allowed to call their product Velcro, a trademarked name. Most of us, however- just as we call tissues Kleenex- refer to all hook-and-loop fasteners as Velcro. Georges de Mestral died in 1990 at the age of 82. He was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1999.

Brave New World and Political Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Brave New World and Political Theory - Essay Example Huxley draws inspiration from many great political thinkers as well as his own understanding of human nature. The idea of Hobbes, Mills, and Aristotle all inform Huxley’s understanding of the best and worst possible results of different styles of governance, allowing him to create a fictional novel illustrating the dangers of utopian thought carried to the extreme. Hobbes, in his essay â€Å"Of the Natural Condition of Mankind as Concerning Their Felicity and Misery,† holds some paternal notions concerning the liberty of individuals. This and other ideas of his seem to inform the misguided government of Brave New World. Hobbes begins with the statement that men are essentially created equal. Although they may excel in one arena or another, the individual’s strengths are not so great that other influences of civilization do no level the playing field. Huxley utilizes this philosophy with his aphorism that all men are biologically the same. According to Hobbes, the natural state of man is an inclination toward violence, as this is the only way to wrest from another that which is desired but cannot be shared. Therefore â€Å"during the time that men live without common power to keep them in awe they are in that condition which is called war; and such a war, as it is of every man, against every man† (Hobbes 12). In other words, Hobbes does not trust men to act with regard to others unless compelled by fear of retribution from some authoritative figure. This mirrors Huxley’s government, which sees the individual as a child who is not expected to think or behave except as â€Å"hypnopà ¦dia† (Huxley 16) has taught them. It is the basis of patriarchal thought, for only in a society where individuals cannot be trusted to behave can a government rationalize the removal of personal rights. Aristotle believed that a benevolent monarchy would constitute the perfect government. However, he relegated this

I need write a letter to my parents in brazil, and explain to them Essay

I need write a letter to my parents in brazil, and explain to them what homeland security is and what my future will be in my ne - Essay Example The United States Department of Homeland Security came into existence in 2002 as a consequence of the Homeland Security Act. The Federal Homeland Security is responsible for coordinating the activities of roughly 187 Federal agencies dealing with varied aspects of the US security. The job of the Homeland Security is to prevent terrorist attacks on the US soil and to minimize the damage inflicted by such attacks. A career in such an agency requires a lot of sincerity, dedication, skills and hard work. It is different from the other jobs in the sense that it demands perpetual alertness and a 24 hour commitment from its adherents. However, those who are willing to give their best and utmost, it do promises ample satisfaction and rewards. Besides, the very concept and idea of working to protect the fellow citizens is in itself a source of great pride and motivation. I do believe that I will do really great in this career. Yours lovingly, Name of the Student.

Dealing with a Nuclear Iran Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Dealing with a Nuclear Iran - Essay Example Thinkers such as LaFranchi (2006) as well as Carter (2006) have made it clear that some nations may be responsible enough to possess nuclear bombs but others may have to be prevented from gaining access to such technology. In this regard, nuclear proliferation becomes an international problem when countries such as Iran and North Korea generate different opinions on how they should be handled. While the case of North Korea is more or less settled, Iran remains and issue and there are several methods given by expert analysts which show that the nuclear intentions of Iran can be handled in several ways. The basic reason for why Iran is seeking nuclear armament is because Iran wants to make itself regionally secure. The need for security is reflected in the history of Iran since in 1941, the Allies wanted to find a path through the country to support the Russian front against Germany. The King of Iran, Reza Shah was suspicious of the motives of the allies and was thus removed from the throne. This was a basically a misunderstanding between the allies and the Iranian people but it turned them away from the allies in historical terms (Kilgore, 2007). The troubled history of Iran and the west continued through the revolution until in recent years, Bush made Iran a part of the ‘Axis of Evil’. In these circumstances, Iran can clearly see that America does not attack a nuclear capable North Korea while it continually threatens a non-nuclear Iran (Kilgore, 2007). Iran wants to avoid the fate of Iraq which was attacked for allegations of having weapons of mass destruction while it had none (Jackson, 2006). The false charges brought by the American government caused the Iraqi people a lot of misery and even though Saddam was a cruel ruler, the methods used to remove him and the timing was less than ideal (Kilgore, 2007). In fact, Kilgore (2007) suggests that it is the manipulation of the Israeli lobby which is causing fingers to

Greatest Communicator Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Greatest Communicator - Essay Example Bill Clinton is a notable personality whose skill communication make audience yearn to listen more from the personality. Bill Clinton was at some point the president of US and pulled crowd with how he presented his speech. Additionally, Bill had good leadership skills that made him unique. Leaders need to be multi-talented so as to be there for the people. Bill Clinton displayed all these characteristics making him one of the most prominent and notable leader of all time. Bill Clinton had the most impressive communication skills any leader would want to possess. When addressing the audience, Bill Clinton would use gesture sync with words to ensure that a given message is efficiently grasped by the audience (Marcus par 3). To guide audience’s emotion and attention, he would extend his arms facing up or out. Additionally, Bill Clinton overlapped arms across the chest to show emphasis on a given statement. Moreover, he used hard-stop pacing in his word to ensure that points mention got the stress required. Use of frequent pause in statements helped to gather the attention of the audience. Visuals enabled Clinton to pass information clearly. Policy used was fewer words but more visual to ensure that the audience enjoyed the speech. In most of Clinton’s speech, monotony breakage was fostered by the addition of a story in the middle of a speech. Excellent communication skills by Clinton impacts individuals on a significant margin. When presenting a speech, it is crucial that the audience needs to enjoy the speech. Use of gestures like Bill Clinton ensures that the audience gets information clearly as well as enjoys the speech. Moreover, involving the audience in the presentation of speech makes them ride along. Direct eye contact is vital in enhancing emphasis to a given statement or speech. Moreover, it ensures that the audience’ attention does not get diverted. Bill Clinton’s good communication skills influence individual’s speech

International Trade Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Trade Law - Assignment Example The terms were also accepted by the Surflife Company and they replied through an email with their expression of happiness with the terms. Although there was no exchange of any other terms, the two parties could be understood to be in terms of an agreement and involved in a contract. However, the problem had arisen in the delivery on part of the PJ Company owing to a mistake occurred by one of the employees of the company who was responsible for the supply of the goods to the customer. The employee, not following the instructions properly, got the wrong orders ready for shipment and supply. The number of jeans supplied was 12,000 instead of 15,000 and another set of orders were also supplied that the buyer company had never requested for. Moreover he proved to be careless in the packing of the goods that suffered damage later in the process. When the goods were finally delivered to the company, it was delayed and the majority of the goods were destroyed in rain and ill-treatments of t he suppliers. Thus after suffering a huge loss, the company was not willing to pay for the goods to the PJ Company. The question that arises here deals with the rights and obligations of the PJ Company and how the dissatisfaction of the Surflife Company could be addressed and resolved. ... It can be understood in this case that the Surflife Company had ordered the pairs of jeans but had not examined the goods before entering into the contract. The contract of the sale of goods in this context was thus a sale by description. The goods that were delivered to the Surflife Company did not match with the description of the goods stated in the contract by the PJ Company. Hence a violation in the contract could be seen to have occurred and Surflife Company in this scenario had the rights to sue the seller company. Being the seller company and one of the parties to the contract where the order was clearly stated along with the date of delivery and the size of the order, PJ Company had certain rights and obligations in regard to the delivery of goods to the customer. The seller had the rights to dispose of goods if all conditions are not fulfilled on the part of the buyer or owing to other circumstances (sec 25(1)). The seller company might consider the goods to have been deliv ered if the buyer expresses acceptance or if the goods are retained by the buyer company without giving any further notice (sec 24). Moreover, the seller had the rights to supply the goods only when the buyer demanded for it (sec 35) and such goods may also be supplied in installments (sec 39(1)). The seller may keep hold of the goods till the payment procedure is completed (sec 47(1)) and in the process the company might have hindered the process of shipment or transportation of the goods and regain it after payment is done (sec 49(2), sec 50). The goods might also be resold by the seller company depending on circumstances (sec 54). Also, the company could sue the buyer company if the later showed any breach

Greatest Communicator Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Greatest Communicator - Essay Example Bill Clinton is a notable personality whose skill communication make audience yearn to listen more from the personality. Bill Clinton was at some point the president of US and pulled crowd with how he presented his speech. Additionally, Bill had good leadership skills that made him unique. Leaders need to be multi-talented so as to be there for the people. Bill Clinton displayed all these characteristics making him one of the most prominent and notable leader of all time. Bill Clinton had the most impressive communication skills any leader would want to possess. When addressing the audience, Bill Clinton would use gesture sync with words to ensure that a given message is efficiently grasped by the audience (Marcus par 3). To guide audience’s emotion and attention, he would extend his arms facing up or out. Additionally, Bill Clinton overlapped arms across the chest to show emphasis on a given statement. Moreover, he used hard-stop pacing in his word to ensure that points mention got the stress required. Use of frequent pause in statements helped to gather the attention of the audience. Visuals enabled Clinton to pass information clearly. Policy used was fewer words but more visual to ensure that the audience enjoyed the speech. In most of Clinton’s speech, monotony breakage was fostered by the addition of a story in the middle of a speech. Excellent communication skills by Clinton impacts individuals on a significant margin. When presenting a speech, it is crucial that the audience needs to enjoy the speech. Use of gestures like Bill Clinton ensures that the audience gets information clearly as well as enjoys the speech. Moreover, involving the audience in the presentation of speech makes them ride along. Direct eye contact is vital in enhancing emphasis to a given statement or speech. Moreover, it ensures that the audience’ attention does not get diverted. Bill Clinton’s good communication skills influence individual’s speech

Rethinking Wilderness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Rethinking Wilderness - Essay Example nks will hinder the stewardship of wilderness areas in the future will help in showing how Cronon’s â€Å"rethinking of wilderness† can be effectively applied to solve the problems. Naturalness is defined in different ways. It is described as characterizations of nature being apart from humans (Cole, 2012). Cole identifies problems with naturalness. The first challenge is its multiple meanings and hence leads to a different understanding to different peoples. To some people, being natural means lack of human effect, a place with little human influence (Cole, 2012). There are those that believe natural to be freedom from intentional human control while others sees it as a historical fidelity (Cole, 2012). However, the changes of ecosystem currently taking place means one has to be selective when relying on these meanings. Therefore, one has to choose between them to suit the prevailing conditions. The other challenge has been on the reasons for setting wilderness. Currently, there is no unifying reason as to why wilderness areas are set aside. This is because there have been diverse reasons for setting aside such areas. Some of the major reasons for protections include certain valued species, nostalgic landscapes, biological diversity, scenery, ecosystem services, and autonomous nature (Cole, 2012). However, with increasing knowledge, it has been found that it is difficult to achieve all the purpose in one ecosystem. For this reason, some have to be considered at the expense of others. Cronon’s â€Å"rethinking of wilderness† offers a practical solution to the problems of naturalness. The essay argues that the problems can only be solved by realizing that man has always been in existence with the wilderness. Therefore, the notion that Wilderness is the only remaining place that has been free from civilization is unreal. The author notes wilderness has been a product of civilization (Cronon, 1995). As a result, trying to set it apart from the creator will not

Reflecting on Wisdom Essay Example for Free

Reflecting on Wisdom Essay Using the information presented in Ch. 10 of your text and other scholarly sources, describes the attributes that are commonly associated with wise people. Identify a person you have known in your life or someone you have never met. Write a 700- to 900-word paper addressing the following: †¢What characteristics of wisdom does this individual possess? †¢What makes him or her wise? †¢Which of these attributes do you believe you have developed most fully? †¢Which do you believe you need to develop more fully in the years to come? Explain. My friend Liz is probably the only person who I could really turn to for advice and her wisdom and knowledge has always helped me through the rough times and the good times. I remember meeting Liz one day at school and asked if I could borrow a pencil from her during math class. When I returned it back she said I could have it but to try not to lose it since it is an obvious writing instrument to have. Well, after a few days I noticed she would sit alone during lunch time so I asked her if she wanted to join my friends and I for lunch, ever since we have been best of friends. According to my reading in my Positive Psychology books in Ch. 10 Table 10.2 Classification of virtues and character strengths wisdom and knowledge is cognitive strengths that entail the acquisition and use of knowledge. The defining strengths describe her or what she possesses: creativity, curiosity, open-mindedness, love of learning, and perspective. She has always been creative since day one when I asked to borrow a pencil. During that time we were learning how to make a cube out of paper and Liz knew how to do the cube without even asking how to make it. She could make things to be productive. I could recall during a campout with a bunch of girls how to make things out of sticks with leaves and such. It was amazing on how much she knew without really knowing how to do it in the beginning. Her open-mindedness was well respected in our little group of friends that luckily for us we could always count on her to see all sides of an argument. Liz was the really the bookworm of the group, she always had some new book of something so she could learn something new. I remember her Astrology phase which lead into other similar aspects like numerology, love signs, birthday meanings. It was an interesting chapter in all of our lives. What makes Liz wise is that she has patience with everyone and everything. She will sit there and listen to you and give advice and a shoulder to lean on. I remember I was having boy trouble and by the third time the guy and I split he wanted me back the next day. I was so confused by him and his emotions that I went to Liz and ask for advice and what does she think. Being that she knew me and my relationship with the guy, she gave me some good comments and advice that still sticks to me today. She said about the pattern that the guy and I had is not a healthy for either of us. She said that he’s just playing with my emotions and using me for a doormat for something else that was really getting his attention. I was young and naà ¯ve to see what was really going on with him and I thought I was really in love with him. The attributes that I believe I developed most fully is the love of learning. I find everything as a challenge. Mastering skills, topics, and bodies of knowledge keeps me busy and absorbing and experiencing new obstacles. My latest mastering skill is calligraphy. At first it was quite difficult but after some time and practice I am able to make important announcements freehand and it makes me giddy and exhilarated that I created such beautiful work without the help or computers. I always did find calligraphy to be extremely hard but after hard work and patience I say I am a complete natural. The one defining strength I believe I need to develop more in the years is open-mindedness. I always thought I was open-minded for new things or even things I thought I was open-minded to. For example, my boyfriend and I are total opposites when it comes to alcoholic beverages. He prefers wines and hard liquor while I prefer fruity drinks and wine coolers. I told him one day I would try wine some time and when he ordered a case of wine from his catalog, without me knowing, that when the UPS dropped off the wine, my boyfriend had some wine glasses out and ready for me to try. At first I was really against it because I wasn’t in a â€Å"drinking mood† but really it was only because of the comments people would make and say about wine on how it’s bitter and sweet in the same time. After I refused the first glass, he said he thought I was open-minded to try some wine. After that it really got to me on how much I thought I was open-minded when in actuality I was closed-minded. Not only on wine was I not open-minded to but on other things and matters as well. After the comment my boyfriend made I made sure I try it before I â€Å"knocked it off† my list. I tried a few wines, red and whites, and noticed I have neutral taste for the both. I could only manage one glass and after that I am good. It is not because it m ade me spin or intoxicated but the aftertaste is what gets to me.

Dominos Pizza Is A Food Industry Commerce Essay

Dominos Pizza Is A Food Industry Commerce Essay Dominos Pizza is a food industry and this is a universal  pizza supply  organization. Its headquartered in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States. This organization Established in 10 June 1960, in Ypsilanti, Michigan by the two brothers Tom Monaghanand J. Patrick Doyle. It is the second-largest pizza manacle in the United States after the pizza hut. It has more than 9,700 community and authorized stores  in 70 countries and all 50 U.S. states. There is near to 145,000 workers working in this pizzas stores all over world. The menu types equally veggie and meat pizzas, chicken wings and boneless chicken, snacks, pasta, stuffed cheesy breads and a range of dessert stuffs, containing cinnamon sticks and brown lava cubes and a range of soft juices, including Coca-Cola, Fanta, Sprite. (en.wikipedia.org, 2012) I am making this assessment on Onehunga (nz) Dominos. 1-14 waipaulane, Onehunga. New Zealand Phone:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0210601627 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ORGANISATION STRUCTURE AND COMMUNICATION CHANNELS. In this dominos pizza organization they have flat organization structure. There are 14 workers working under the store manager. Store manager handle the all staff. The massage goes throw the hierarchy system top to bottom and bottom to top level. In this report I am writing about the organization structure and its communication channels how they communicate with each other. Lines of communication are very formal in this organization its top to bottom and bottom to top in the organization. WORK TEAMS AND GROUP DYNAMICS. In this dominos pizza organization they have very good work team and their group dynamics are very nice. All the staffs do work as a family and try to give their best performance for the company by their communication skills. In this dominos they have hierarchy type of structure in their organization. In this report I am going to write about the work team of the organization and group dynamics. Their team is formed in hierarchy structure like their head office then all franchise then each franchise had one store manager then two manager then crew staff in crew staff they have drivers, customer services representative, pizza cutter and pizza make. Franchise led by head office and store manager and manager are led and managed by franchise and rest of staff are lead and managed by managers. STAKEHOLDER COMMUNICATION. In this company their communication with their stakeholder is awesome. Because they do not have any barrier between their communication. They talk to their stakeholders directly. In this report I will describe how they communicate with their stakeholders and which communication channel they use. The stake holders of the company are Bidvest who provide them all pizza food stuff, pre-produce who provide them all vegetable products, steam-line who provide them all type of papers like epitome rolling paper. ORGANISATION CULTURE, INTERCULTURE COMMUNICATION, ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES. In new Zealand there is different is different cultural people living. In a multicultural country like New Zealand which is home for many different cultures communication have been a challenge for organisations. In this organization there are also many types of person work who belongs to the different cultures. In this report I will describe how they impact on the industry. The store has clear and well-communicated goals, their vision number one in pizza number one in people and mission is sell more pizza, have more fun. All team members take their responsibilities to achieve their mission and vision. COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AND TOOLS. In this company they have a fabulous communication technologies and tools. Which help them to improve the communication skills and trained their staff as well. On other hand they up to date their staff by these technologies. In this report I will explain how the technologies help them to improve their business and trained their staff. The technologies they are using in their business, computer and internet used in store, they have their own server and printing and scanners, all technologies are up to date, they received online order and also now people can use android application on phone to put the orders. FINDINGS. I got the all information about this organization from the manager of the company. This is my primary source of information no secondary source of information in these findings. ORGANISATION STRUCTURE COMMUNICATION CHANNELS. The manager told me that they have top to bottom structure in this company. And message goes throw the top to bottom and bottom to top step by step. The lines of reporting are quite straight forward in this organization. Figure MESSAGE MESSAGE TOP LEVEL MESSAGE MIDDLE LEVEL MESSAGE BOTTOM LEVEL He told me that in the organization all staff members understand the importance of their communication roles. He told me that at the top level they have their head office they send them all the new policies of dominos and then franchise review the polices and discus with manager then he explain and discuss information with his bottom level staff. So it goes step by step at different level. They have very effective and beneficial opportunities for top- down and down-up communication, like their head office call them for special pizza classes and their crew staff give the suggestion how they can do more cleaning and manage the store. They do face to face communication emails and send text massage to inform their staff. He told me that there is grapevine going in their store but it is positive they discuss how they can increase the sales and how they can more effectively manage the store. WORK TEAMS AND GROUP DYNAMICS. He told me that in this company they have very nice formed team, who do work together as family. He gave me the information about their team structure that our team is formed in hierarchy structure like our head office, then all franchise then each franchise had one store manager then two manager then crew staff in crew staff we have drivers, customer services representative , pizza cutter and pizza maker. Franchise led by head office and store manager and manager are led and managed by franchise and rest of staff are lead and managed by managers. He told me that they all do work as strong team to ensure productive team performance. They do work as a team so they can get their mission and vision to sale maximum pizzas in the world. When I asked the manager about the initiates all allocates task to staff then manager told me that he initiates all allocates task to staff like who will make the pizza, who will be cutter, staff members are maintain their task which is assigned by manager s. Team output is measured at the end of shift like we make our customer happy with our service we provide pizza on time etc. when I asked him about the how team work well in the practice? Are positive team dynamics evident? Then he told me that we have trained staff so we will do effective efficient and well work in real practice. So they can provide a good service to the customer. I asked him if team does the good work or give the good performance for the company is he or she rewarded then he gave the answer Yes, we declare month of the employee and give him/her 20 dollar voucher as e rewarded. So they can motivate for the company and can do better next time for the company. STAKEHOLDER COMMUNICATION. Manager gave me the information about the stakeholder communication that they communicate with the stakeholder very easily. He told me that they communicate with suppliers who supply them pizzas stuff and other things via emails and via phone calls. They order them email then they do not need urgent things but when they need some stuff urgently then they communicate with them on phones so they can provide the things as soon as possible. When I asked them who are the stakeholders of your company then he told me that customer, suppliers, employees etc. are the stakeholder of their company. Then I asked him that who is the suppliers of your company? Who provide you food stuff? Then he gave me the answer that Bidvest who provide us all pizza food stuff, Pre-produce who provide us all vegetable products, Steam-line who provide us all type of papers like epitomes rolling paper. These are the supplier of the dominos pizza. After that I asked them that how effective is this communication in practice? How do people outside the organisation perceive it? Then gave the answer that Emails or internet communication is very effective communication in practice because in single second they received our request and also give us response. People outside the organisation perceive positive communication. ORGNISATION CULTURE, INTERCULTURAL CMMUNICATION, ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES. Manager told me that organization culture employee obligations are very clear in the organization. The  purpose  of an  organization  is to achieve the goals and objectives as indicated within the  organizations  vision statement. To provide the good customer service is our main purpose and to win hearts by serving delicious Pizzas. When I asked him that does the organization have clear and well-communicated goals? Then he said to me that Yes our store has clear and well-communicated goals. All staff members are trained and they know that how to deal with customers and how to handle the any situation because they all are experienced persons. After that I asked him that what is the vision and mission of your organization. Then he gave me the answer that our vision is that our pizza will number one in people and our mission is sell more and more pizzas how many we can sell and have more fun during the work with each other mean enjoy the work so they can do their work good and easily. He told me that all members of the organization take their responsibilities to achieve our mission and vision. The managers of the organization are well qualified and trained and experienced real leader, they understand leadership and knows what leadership is. He gave me the information about the rules and regulations which are govern this organizations business activities. He said to me that different laws and regulations are governed in dominos pizza. I asked him about the How are issues of privacy, defamation and copyright handled? And he gave me the answer that we do not share personal information of our staff with other organisation and told me that all our staff is well aware of legal responsibilities. They all know about the rules and regulations which are governed in this organization. COMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES TOOLS. I collect the information from the interview that in this organization they use the technology and tool for the good communication. Computer and internet used in store, they have their own server and printing and scanner, all technology are up to date, they received online order and also told me that now people can use android application on phone to put the orders. They also use the technologies in staff training they have online training site where their head office put all the training stuff and they do it online and put it in real practice. Staffs are already trained in communication and other key procedures. All staff has clear guideline for internal and external communication, they put information on their web site and send the email to their staff and in the store they put information on the notice board so the staff can know about their guideline for the both type of factors. I asked him how the organization manages its own information base its core data. Is it secure? Then he gave me the answer that we managed our data in our computer database which is very secure because our information technology department take care of it. Conclusions. In this report in the conclusion I am using primary and secondary both resources. ORGANISATION STRUCTURE COMMUNICATION CHANNELS. In this organization they are using the flat organization structure, which is showing down:- Figure Organization chart is like this in this organization. HEAD OFFICE Franchise Franchise Franchise STORE MANAGER STORE MANAGER STORE MANAGER MANAGER MANAGER MANAGER MANAGER MANAGER MANAGER STAFF CREW STAFF STAFF CREW STAFF STAFF CREW STAFF In this organization they have a flat organization structure. According to the manager they communicate with each other top to bottom and bottom to top. This structure is very good structure for a small business. The advantages of this structure are like that first of all this is very cheap for the company because in this structure they have not more managers thats why they have to pay less to the managers because they have not many managers. It makes less intensities of organisation.  For example:- LOWER LEVEL MIDDEL LEVEL TOP LEVELFigure In this organization they can do work and take resolutions of any problem easily and rapidly because there is less stages of supervisions. Thirdly wild and strong communiquà © is probable amongst these rare stages of controlling. This structure has many disadvantages as well. Like in this structure there is less manager but has lots of staff thats why manager can lose monitoring over the staff. Secondly the self-restraint in the group may be corrupt due to miss resistor. Thirdly the relationships amongst the bosses and assistants may be ruthless. Local and familiar relationships may not be conceivable. (Akrani, 2011). In this organization they have good staff so they have not any this type of problem with the staff. So this structure is good for this company. WORK TEAMS GROUP DYNAMICS. Communication is the silver lining of team formation and conflict management in any organisation. Effective team work is essential for the achievement of the organisations goals and objectives. If there will be effective communication amongst the team members there will be honesty, integrity and openness which increases the competency of the team members. The result is that their productivity increases which in turn increases the productivity of the organisation. Effective communication plays an important role in a team formation. If there is effective communication in the team the members co-operate, collaborate, cohesive and are committed to the team. Thus, developing and promoting team communication is important in the company. The management should develop strategies aimed at building team communication which ultimately will increase the productivity of the organisation. Team conflict is team members awareness of discrepancies, incompatible wishes which they perceive are irreconcilable (Bowditch, 2008).In this company they are following the hierarchical communication structure. It has many advantages like all the staff know that to whom they have to report about his or her work. Thats why there is no problem create in the communication between the staff because all know about their own work. Bigger groups must achieve a diversity of responsibilities, reaching from social incomes and office to promotion and buying. The ordered organization splits these parts of anxiety into several division conformations that concentrate. Concentration tolerates administrations to focus on certain ability collections and capitals to attain extreme productivity. On the other hand it has lots of disadvantages like ordered organizations have a habit of familiarize gradually to altering wishes. Administrative groups, for sample, regularly arise below passion for keeping f ilms of bureaucracy that prevent variation. Groups that cannot adjust to new marketplace anxieties or progressing machineries in stride with or onward of other groups frequently finish up relegated. This problematic interrupts sufficient societies that a whole pitch of education, named modification administration, has settled. The other disadvantage is that the achievement of an association often rest on the superiority of interior message within it. As categorized structural have a habit of network announcement straight up, interdepartmental or inter-agency announcement hurts. Departmental speciality can top to communiquà © obstacles when no common mumbo jumbo happens that tolerates followers of altered sections to connect on the similar side by side. In worst-case situations, branches resolutely refuse info from every one. (www.ehow.com, 2012). In this organization these kinds of problems can be created in the communication. This structure is a good structure but as well as harmful structure for the company. STAKEHOLDER COMMUNICATION. It is rightly said that it takes years to build a good reputation and seconds to ruin it (Suzanne McDonald). In this organization they are using the emails and phone calls to communicate with the stakeholders like with the supplier they send them the order list via emails some time they call them in the urgent order and with the customer they attend the call of their customer and take the order what they want to eat and get the online orders from their customer as well. This is the technologies which they are using in their business this is good but it has some disadvantages as well. For example advantages are emails are very low-priced and wild way for the organization for send the orders to the suppliers but disadvantage is some time the suppliers got too many emails from the different-different clients thats why they can-not read the emails on time, if you need the order quickly it got delay so which can harmful for the business (www.time-management-success.com, 2012). But they have very good communication with their customer and suppliers. They ask feedback to customers about their services and the quality of pizzas because if there have any problem or complaint, so they can deal with it and solve it as soon as possible. They also give to customers a large variety of different pizzas according to their needs and home delivery. They greet the customer with smile. They provide them good service, good quality pizzas. Different parts of stores are located in different parts of the city there is only one owner, but each part of the store is being assigned a manage r. To communicate with them they use different type of method like verbal method as there is a meeting in each weekend in which all the employees (part time or full time) are participated and all the managers get together and discuss about the various promotions so that they can satisfy the need of the customers. Feedback is one of the most important part which they use to communicate with the customers if they have any opinion about anything they use a blog so that they can tell them about the various things and on the same blog they can use it as to promote different types of pizzas. They communicate with each other via texting and via call during their work. They can talk with the customer so they can get the ideas of the customer so they can increase sales of their store. ORGANISATION CULTURE, INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION, ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES. Jawaharlal Nehru on one of his visits to America said If we seek to understand a person, we have to try to put ourselves, as far as we can, in that particular historical and cultural background.It is not easy for a person of one country to enter into the background of another country (Adler, 2008). All business processes involves communication at all levels of the organisation. In a multicultural country like New Zealand which is home for many different cultures communication have been a challenge for organisations. In this organization there is many workers are working right now from different cultures which include Maoris, Asians, Middle Eastern, South Africans, Kiwis and many more ethnic communities. All of them share different cultural values and beliefs. For this the managers have to first know what they dont know and attempt to understand their employees from different cultures. There have been many instances in the company when most of the employees face language barriers. This is so because of the difference in the English language accent of the employees and the clients. So it creates the problems in the organization but they give the training to the staff so they have not any communication problem with the staff, with the customer and with the suppliers. They all have their clear and well-communicated goals, they have the vision that they want to become number one pizza in the world and around the people. They have the mission to sell maximum pizza how much they can. In the end of this part I want to say that there are many berries in the communication but they have well educated staff and well educated leaders who knows about the leadership they can handle the situation e asily. They do work together as family so they help each other if they have any problem with the communication. COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AND TOOLS. All occupation and its several constituents include knowledge and appreciative in edict to whole its duties on an everyday source (Cohn, 2000). Communication technologies and tools are that which technologies use in the organization to improve the business and to communicate with the employees, customers, suppliers etc. They are using the technologies computers, internet, phones etc. Computer and internet used in store, they have their own server and printing and scanner, all technology are up to date, they received online order and also now people are using android application on phone to put the orders. They are using the technology to giving the training to the staff for example they have their own web site where the candidate can get the training their head office put the stuff on the site for up to date to the candidate so they can be up to date. They give the orders to their suppliers via emails and via phone these technologies they are using in the company. These technologies helping them to improve their business and to achieve their mission and vision too. If they have any information which is very necessary to know for the staff then vie emails they send them that information. In this organization they are mostly use internet which is very cheap way for contact with anybody and some time they use phones in emergencies. RECOMMENDATIONS. ORGANISATION STRUCTURE COMMUNICATION CHANNELS. Based from observation and secondary interview, lack of parking space will result to less customers and limited time for them to stay at the store to eat. More parking is recommended to make their customer stay larger and learn more about how the organization works and communicate. Interaction with the staff will encourage them to go back on a regular customer. WORK TEAMS GROUP DYNAMICS. I observed that the company is using a formal way of communication, this is effective in their daily operation, let there must be an outlet for them outside work to relax such as having picnic, coffee, company outing etc. This will enhance them from stress and work related problems. This also promotes teamwork and group dynamics. STAKEHOLDER COMMUNICATION. The management should be more open with the customer feedback and competitions strategy. Talking with them openly will make them gather data that can help them for improvement. Whether a goods, product services or facility reconstruction. Communication will be the key for them to succeed in their operations. ORGANISATION CULTURE, INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION, ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES. Less space at dining area will minimise their stay and wont attract family members. Adding and arranging the set up will promote healthy environment open to any age group. Having family members in the store will give them time to share their culture. Employees will likewise improve their customer service. Manager can monitor their ethical conduct by observing how the staff in tract with the customers. . COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AND TOOLS. They should have weekly meeting about the improvement for the store. This will let them share their ideas and information to the employees. Use of memo through online will also be an option for the management. VALUE TO ORGANIZATION. The findings about the organization structure communication channels, teamwork and group dynamics, stakeholder communication, organization culture and technologies and tools will help the company identity what improvements they need to do this research will give the management an idea and relevant information about where they stand and have a focus on how to improve their communication skills, get themselves updated on what is going on to the market and by doing these changes that the researcher (ME) recommended, more customer will be attract to go the store, resulting to great profit for the company.